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10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.07.046 20 BrandlA.HartmannA.BechmannV.GrafB.NerlichM.AngeleP
Gene expression and cellular regulation Epithalon's broader cellular effects: Modulates over 100 genes related to aging and longevity Upregulates genes involved in DNA repair Downregulates pro-inflammatory genes Influences antioxidant enzyme production Affects genes controlling cellular metabolism Key gene expression changes: Upregulated (increased): Telomerase (hTERT gene) Antioxidant enzymes (SOD, catalase, glutathione peroxidase) DNA repair enzymes Cell survival genes (Bcl-2 family) Collagen synthesis genes (in some tissues) Downregulated (decreased): Pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-alpha) Pro-apoptotic genes (excessive cell death) Senescence-associated genes Oxidative stress markers Cellular pathways affected: Mitochondrial function : Improved energy production Autophagy : Enhanced cellular cleanup Protein synthesis : Better quality proteins Immune regulation : Balanced response Hormone production : More youthful levels Why gene regulation matters: Aging partly driven by gene expression changes Restoring youthful gene patterns reverses age-related decline Multiple pathways = comprehensive anti-aging effect Not just one mechanism (telomeres) but systemic optimization Similar comprehensive effects seen with other anti-aging peptides like GHK-Cu and thymalin
Sex-specific differences in biological effects and metabolism of selenium, in , edsHatfieldD.SchweizerU.TsujiP.GladyshevV
Endogenous GH is secreted in discrete pulses, primarily during sleep and in response to physiological stimuli, and this pulsatile pattern is understood to be important for the downstream biological effects of GH, including its influence on IGF-1 production, body composition, and tissue repair processes
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